Vending machine service scheduling taking into account hardness data indicating importance of minimizing the number of service visits to a vending machine and/or to the vending machine&#39;s location

ABSTRACT

If a vending machine is selected for service at a particular location, other vending machines at the same location may or may not be selected depending on the importance of minimizing the number of service visits to the other machines at the location.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/171,329, filed Apr. 21, 2009 by Mandeep Singh Arora and Allen Lwin, entitled “VENDING MACHINE SERVICE SCHEDULING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT HARDNESS DATA INDICATING IMPORTANCE OF MINIMIZING THE NUMBER OF SERVICE VISITS TO A VENDING MACHINE AND/OR TO THE VENDING MACHINE'S LOCATION”, incorporated herein by reference. Also, the present application is related to, and incorporates by reference, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/096,889 filed Mar. 31, 2005 by Arora et al.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to vending machines, and more particularly to scheduling vending machine service to have the vending machines restocked.

Vending machines should be restocked promptly to ensure maximum sales and customer satisfaction. On the other hand, too frequent restocking involves wasteful service calls by service personnel.

To facilitate optimum restocking, vending machines 110 (FIG. 1) can be equipped to report the inventory and sales data to a computer data base system 120 over a network 130. Vending machine owners use computer systems 140 to connect to a computer server 150 via the Internet using World Wide Web. Server 150 accesses the data base 120 and provides the owner's client system 140 with data received from the owner's vending machines 110. The owner can use the data to schedule the vending machines for the restocking service.

Improved vending machine service scheduling methods are desirable.

SUMMARY

This section summarizes some features of the invention. Other features are described in the subsequent sections. The invention is defined by the appended claims which are incorporated into this section by reference.

Due to service personnel limitations, it may be impossible or difficult to service all the machines at the same time or even on a single day. Some machines must be selected for service in preference to other machines. This selection can be difficult due to different factors that may have to be taken into account. For example, some machines may run out of a few products but be adequately stocked with other products for days to come. Other machines may be stocked with all of the products but if the product quantity is low then many products may run out quickly. Some embodiments of the present invention provide techniques for calculating the service priority for the vending machines taking a number of factors into account. Some embodiments provide fast and simple computation techniques easily implemented with a computer.

Further, if a vending machine has been selected for service according to some selection rule or rules (e.g. rules that take into account the number of empty coils in the machine), then it may make sense to service additional machines at the same location at the same time even if the additional machines do not satisfy the selection rules. The inventors have observed however that in some cases the additional machines should not be serviced because additional service may be unjustified. It may be better to service the additional machines at some other time when they do satisfy the selection rules. Servicing the machines that do not satisfy the selection rules is more justified, for example, if the location is hard to reach, e.g. the location is far from the nearest parking spot, or if some other conditions exist that make it particularly important to minimize the number of service visits to the machines or the location. Some embodiments of the present invention introduce hardness data, e.g. a hardness factor, which indicates the importance of minimizing the number of service visits to the location or a machine at the location. The additional machines are more likely to be selected for service if the corresponding hardness factor is high.

Also, the inventors have observed that if the machines are scattered over a large geographical area, it may be more efficient to service machines with a lower service priority before higher priority machines. For example, suppose that machines A and B have the highest service priority (say, they are almost empty) but they are far from each other. It may be more efficient to service the machine A and its adjacent machines on a given day, and service the machine B on a different day, even though the machines adjacent to A have a lower priority than B. Therefore, in some embodiments, the machines are subdivided into “subroutes”. Each subroute has one or more machines, and at least one subroute has a plurality of machines. In the example above, the machine A and its adjacent machines can be one subroute, and the machine B and its adjacent machines can be another subroute. The service schedule for a given day is generated by selecting the highest priority subroute and selecting the machines in that subroute. Other subroutes can be selected if there is time left in the day after servicing the first subroute. Each subroute can be a group of adjacent machines, or a group of machines positioned so as not to require an inordinate travel time between the machines. For example, a subroute may contain machines located far from each other but interconnected by a high speed road.

Also, if the service schedule generation takes into account the vending machines' locations and the driving times between the machines, the schedule generation may be too slow for a given computing power. Therefore, in some embodiments, simplified assumptions are made regarding the driving times. For example, in some embodiments, each machine is assumed to require the same fixed service time (including any driving time). The subroutes can sometimes be configured to generate good schedules with this assumption (if, for example, the driving time differences are negligible within each subroute.) The invention is not limited to any subroute configuration however.

The invention is not limited to the features and advantages described above. Other features are described below. The invention is defined by the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram representing a prior art vending machine monitoring system and also representing some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a vending machine.

FIG. 3 is illustrates vending machine subroutes in some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method used in some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate computer data bases according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 7, 8, 9 are flowcharts of methods of some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a computer data base according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method of some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates a computer display of vending machine scheduling information according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 13, 14, 15 illustrate computer data bases according to some embodiments of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

The embodiments described in this section illustrate but do not limit the invention. The invention is defined by the appended claims.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a vending machine 110 suitable for some embodiments of the present invention. The invention can be implemented on a system configured as in FIG. 1, with the vending machine service schedules generated by client systems 140 and/or server 150 according to some embodiments of the present invention. Network 130 may include a wireless connection to the vending machines (e.g. a cellular telephone connection). The invention is not limited to the system configuration of FIG. 1 or the vending machine type shown in FIG. 2 however. The vending machine of FIG. 2 stores product items 210 (e.g. drinks, chewing gum, stamps, sandwiches, or any other kind) in product containers 220. Containers 220 can be coils, columns, bins, or any other kind, known or to be invented. The term “coil” will be used herein as synonymous with “product container”. A vending machine user selects a desired product via a product selection unit 230 (a push button pad or some other kind), and pays for the product via a payment unit 240. Payment unit 240 may include a cash receiving device and a display showing the amount of money to be deposited, a credit card reader, and/or other payment mechanisms. Vending machine controller 250 includes counters (not shown) for counting the units 210 sold from each coil 220 and for keeping track of the payments. Controller 250 also includes computerized equipment (not shown) for polling the counters and accumulating the sales data for regular periods of time (e.g. each hour). The sales data may include the number of units 210 sold from each coil 220 in that hour, the payment amounts, and/or other data. A transmitter 260 periodically transmits the data to data base 120 (FIG. 1). Prior art vending machines can also be used. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,784 issued May 4, 1993 to Schwarzendruber, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,981 issued Jan. 30, 2001 to Varga et al., both incorporated herein by reference.

To service the vending machines 110, a driver obtains supplies at a home office 310 (FIG. 3) and restocks a number of vending machines per day. In some embodiments, a client system 140 at office 310 generates a service schedule (the list of vending machines to service) for each day taking into account the sales and inventory data. In some embodiments, the service schedule is generated by a computer program executed by the client's computer processor (or processors) 140P using the client's memory 140M which stores the computer program instructions executed by processor 140P and also stores pertinent data. Client 140 is shown as located in office 310, but this is not necessary. Client 140 can be a distributed system. Some or all of the service schedule generation can also be performed by server 150 (shown with a processor or processors 150P and memory 150M). The term “memory” includes random access volatile and non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical disks, and any other kind of computer storage, known or to be invented, and combinations of different kinds of memory. These memory kinds will also be referred to as “computer readable media” herein. It will be assumed herein that all the data values and data bases can be stored in such memory or media, though other, non-computer-readable storage is also possible. The invention can be implemented with software and/or hardwired circuitry.

The vending machines can be scattered over a large geographical area. It may be more efficient to service a group of adjacent machines together before servicing another group of machines. In FIG. 3, machines 110 are grouped into subroutes 320 (such as 320A, 320B, 320C). Each subroute contains at least one machine 110. One or more of the subroutes contain a number of machines each. The service schedule is generated by first selecting a highest priority subroute (step 410 in FIG. 4), and selecting the machines in the selected subroute (step 420). In some embodiments, the subroutes help simplify the schedule generation by allowing simplified assumptions with regard to the time of servicing the vending machines. It may take too much time and/or computing power to precisely account for the driving times between different vending machines. Therefore, in some embodiments, it is assumed that each vending machine service requires a fixed amount of time, the same for all the vending machines. The subroutes can be organized to make this assumption more realistic if the driving time differences are negligible within each subroute.

A more complex model can also be chosen. For example, in addition to the fixed time for servicing each vending machine, additional driving time can be allocated for driving to the first machine of each subroute. This additional time may be different for different subroutes. Also, as shown in FIG. 3, a group of vending machine may be present at each location 330 such as a school building, a shopping mall, etc. In some embodiments, a fixed amount of service time (say, T1), is assumed for one vending machine 110 at each location 330, and a smaller amount T2 for each additional vending machine at the same location.

A subroute does not have to be in a contiguous area. Machines distant from each other but interconnected by a high speed highway may be placed in the same subroute, with another subroute between those machines. The subroutes can be generated manually by the user of system 140, or automatically by a system that examines the driving times between different locations 330. The invention is not limited to any subroute generation or configuration or to the advantages described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary service schedule generation method performed by client 140 and/or server 150. The vending machine inventory and sales data are examined to select a subroute 320 (step 410) for service on a particular day (“Service Day”). Then the vending machines are selected for service in that subroute (step 420). At step 430, a test is performed to determine if there is time left for servicing another vending machine on the same day. If so, another subroute is selected (step 440), and step 420 is repeated for that subroute. This loop is repeated until either there is no time left for servicing another machine (as determined at step 420 or 430), or there is no other subroute to select (step 440). Then the schedule is provided on an output device 140D (FIG. 3) of client system 140 (step 450). Output device 140D may be a display device (e.g. a computer monitor or a printer), an audio speaker, or any other device generating signals intelligible to a human being. The user is allowed to make adjustments to the schedule by using an input device 140 i (e.g. a keyboard, a mouse, a voice recognition system, etc.). The adjustments may involve selecting or deselecting a vending machine for service, or changing some scheduling parameters (e.g. the MaxDays parameter 1040 of FIG. 10 as described below) and regenerating the schedule (steps 410-440).

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate data bases or structures in memory 140M and/or 150M used in some embodiments by the method of FIG. 4. The data structure of FIG. 5 associates each subroute 320 with a list 504 of the subroute's locations 330. Each location 330 is associated with a list 506 of vending machines 110 at that location. The locations 330 can be specified using any suitable codes. Location names can be used that are meaningful to the user, e.g. “Sonora High School”. The vending machines at each location can be described by a vending machine structure 507 which includes a machine ID 508 identifying the machine. ID 508 can be hardwired into the machine and transmitted by the machine to database system 120 (FIG. 1).

In addition, each subroute 320 is associated with a “Second To” (or “SecondTo”) list 510. This is a list of other subroutes each of which can immediately precede the subroute 320 in the list of subroutes serviced on the same day. Exemplary “Second To” lists for FIG. 3 are shown below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 “SECOND TO” Subroute Second To Class 320A 320B, 320C 3 (tertiary) 320B 320C 2 (secondary) 320C None 1 (primary)

In Table 1, subroute 320A can be the next subroute serviced after subroute 320B or 320C on the same day. Subroute 320B can be the next after subroute 320C but not after subroute 320A. The reason for this may be that the subroute 320B is farther from office 310 than subroute 320A and it would be inefficient for the driver to go from subroute 320A to subroute 320B. For the same or some other reasons, subroute 320C cannot be serviced after any other subroute. The “Second To” data can be generated by the user manually or automatically using some criteria. The invention is not limited to any criteria or “Second To” lists.

In addition, each subroute is associated with a Class parameter 512. Exemplary class parameters are shown in Table 1. In one embodiment, the class value can be 1 (for a “primary” subroute), 2 (for a “secondary” subroute), or 3 (“tertiary” subroute). A primary subroute (class 1) is a subroute which is Second To None and thus must be the first to be serviced, if at all, on any given day. This may be because the subroute is a great distance from home 310, or is very large, but these factors are not limiting. A secondary subroute (such as subroute 320B) can be either the first serviced subroute or can be serviced after another subroute on any give day. The tertiary subroutes (class 3) are those that cannot be the first serviced subroutes but can only be serviced after another subroute on any given day. These could be smaller subroutes close to home 310 that the user only wants to be selected as extra work at the end of the day.

Some embodiments do not have the class indicators. In other embodiments, the class indicators are present but the SecondTo lists are omitted. In some such embodiments, a secondary subroute is assumed to be Second To any primary or secondary subroute. A tertiary subroute is assumed to be Second To any other subroute. The Second To lists are thus not needed. Other class indicators can also be used to indicate a subroute service priority.

The pictorial data representations such as that of FIG. 5 do not imply herein any particular data organization unless noted otherwise. The term “list” (such as list 504) can indicate a linked list, an array, or any other data organization from which the locations 330 can be recovered. For example, the data base of FIG. 5 can include quadruples of data items <subroute name, location 330, machine ID, pointer to SecondTo list 510> for each machine 110. A data base or structure can be part of another data base or structure.

Each machine is associated with a Service Threshold parameter or parameters 520 indicating some threshold that the machine should reach before being served. The following parameters are illustrated in FIG. 5:

Empty Coils Threshold 520.1 is a threshold for the number of empty coils 220 in the machine. The machine will receive a higher service priority if the number of empty coils is reaches the Threshold 520.1, as described below.

Empty Products Threshold 520.2. The machine will receive a higher service priority if the number of empty products in the machine reaches the Threshold 520.2.

Required Service Interval 520.3 is the maximum time that the machine should be allowed to operate without service. The Required Service Interval can be flexible (giving a somewhat higher service priority to the machine) or strict (giving a highest service priority to the machine). A strict parameter may be desirable, for example, if the machine sells perishable food or some dangerous condition may develop in the machine. The invention is not limited to a particular parameter usage, and the threshold parameters can be set by the user as desired. Some embodiments use both a flexible Required Service Interval and a strict Required Service Interval.

Cash Threshold 520.4 is a threshold for the amount of cash in the machine. The amount of cash is calculated from data periodically sent by the machine to database 120. The machine gets a higher service priority if the amount of cash reaches the threshold 520.4.

Some embodiments do not use all of the threshold parameters shown in FIG. 5. Some embodiments use threshold parameters not shown in FIG. 5. The exemplary embodiment described immediately below uses the empty coils threshold 520.1 but not necessarily any other thresholds. Also, while FIG. 5 may suggest that a separate threshold parameter is defined for each vending machine, a threshold parameter can be defined for a whole subroute to apply to all the machines in the subroute, or for a location, or for some group of machines, or for all of the machines.

FIG. 6 illustrates a data base used by the method of FIG. 4 for each vending machine 110. For each coil 220 (FIG. 2) in machine 110 (the coils are indicated by the “coil name” parameter), the data base specifies:

1. Inventory (current number of items in the coil).

2. Stock Level (“StockLevel”), also called “Par Level” (the number of items in the coil when the coil has just been restocked).

3. Alert Level (“AlertLevel”). The coil is considered empty when the inventory drops to the alert level, which may be positive rather than zero. This is because some vending machines cannot empty a coil and they stop vending when there is still some number of items in the coil. That number of items is the “alert level”. 4. Daily Average (“DailyAverage”), computed as the average sales (i.e. number of items sold) per day from that coil. In some embodiments, the Daily Average is taken over the past 60 days. In some embodiments, a weighted average is used, with the recent sales weighted more heavily than the older sales. In some embodiments, the Daily Average is cleaned up to account for faulty data received from the vending machine as described below. 5. Product ID. In this example, a Universal Product Code (UPC) is used, but this is not limiting. 6. Days To Empty (“DaysToEmpty”) computed at step 410 as described below.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example implementation of the subroute selection at step 410. This implementation is based on calculating the service priority for each vending machine. The service priority is expressed as a real number referred to as “Points” herein. At step 410.1, the Points are calculated for each vending machine 110 from the data of FIG. 6. An exemplary computation is shown in FIG. 8 and described below. At step 410.2, the total points “SubRoutePoints” are computed for each subroute 320. At step 410.3, the subroute is selected with the maximum number of points. In embodiments using the Class parameter 512 (FIG. 5 and Table 1) only the primary and secondary subroutes are considered at this step. If multiple subroutes have the maximum number of points, some additional criteria can be used to select one of such subroutes. For example, if one of such subroutes is a primary subroute, then the primary subroute can be selected, or the subroute can be selected as the first subroute with the maximum points in a predefined list of all the subroutes, or using some other criteria, known or to be invented.

Step 410.1—Points Computation for a Given Vending Machine (See FIG. 8).

Step 410.1—Sub-step 810: For each coil 220, calculate “DaysToEmpty”. This is a forecast estimate of the number of days until the coil reaches its Alert Level (“AlertLevel”). The calculation can be: DaysToEmpty=(Inventory−AlertLevel)/DailyAverage.  (1)

In some embodiments, DaysToEmpty is rounded to an integer. The rounding can be to the nearest integer, or it can be up or down. FIG. 6 provided exemplary DaysToEmpty values.

Other computation methods can also be used. For example, if the vending machine is inaccessible on weekends, the number of weekend days during the “DaysToEmpty” period can be added to DaysToEmpty to get a new DaysToEmpty value. In another example, the machine is accessible during the weekends, but the weekend sales are different from the week day sales. Then two separate daily averages can be computed, one for the week days and one for the weekends. Each day (say, day d1) beginning with today or tomorrow is then examined, and a running total for the number of items to be sold starting today or tomorrow is incremented by the daily average value for day d1 (i.e., depending on whether the day d1 is a work day or a weekend day). When the running total first reaches or exceeds the value (Inventory-AlertLevel) for the coil, the corresponding day d1 is considered to be the day when the coil will become empty. DaysToEmpty are computed as the number of days until that day d1 (including d1 or not including d1). In other embodiments, separate daily averages are kept for other day categories for which substantially different sales averages are expected. For example, separate categories can be created for summer weekends, summer week days, non-summer weekends, and non-summer weekdays, to get a more accurate DaysToEmpty estimate.

Step 410.1—Sub-step 820: In a similar fashion, a forecast estimate “Days To Empty From Restock” (or “DaysToEmptyFromRestock”) is generated for the number of days until the coil becomes empty if it is restocked immediately. In one embodiment, DaysToEmptyFromRestock=(StockLevel−AlertLevel)/DailyAverage  (2)

Other computational methods described above for DaysToEmpty can also be used for DaysToEmptyFromRestock. The invention is not limited to any computational methods.

Step 410.1—Sub-step 830: The DaysToEmpty data are used to generate “Days To Service” (or “DaysToService”). This is an estimate for the number of days until the machine will reach its Empty Coils Threshold 520.1 (FIG. 5). In some embodiments (FIG. 9), this is done as follows.

Step 410.1—Sub-step 830—Sub-sub-step 830.1: The DaysToEmpty data are placed in an array. For the example data of FIG. 6, the array is follows: Array=[4,1,3,5,2,8,10,12,2]  (3)

In this array, if the same product is on multiple coils (e.g. coils A1 and A2), only the maximum DaysToEmpty is taken. Thus, the coil A2 data are omitted.

Step 410.1—Sub-step 830—Sub-sub-step 830.2: The array is sorted. For the example of FIG. 6, the sorted array is: Array=[1,2,2,3,4,5,8,10,12]  (4)

Step 410.1—Sub-step 830—Sub-sub-step 830.3: DaysToService is calculated as Array (Empty Coils Threshold), where the array index varies from 1 to the number of coils. In the example above, Array(1)=1. If Empty Coils Threshold is 2 coils, then DaysToService=2.

Step 410.1—Sub-step 840 (FIG. 8): As seen from formula (4), if EmptyCoilsThreshold=2, then three coils will become empty on the day corresponding to DaysToService because Array(3)=Array(2). At step 840, “Empty Coils” (or “EmptyCoils”) is calculated as the number of empty coils on the day corresponding to DaysToService. EmptyCoils is calculated as the index of the last array entry equal to Array(EmptyCoilsThreshold). For the example (4), EmptyCoils=3.

Step 410.1—Sub-step 850: The DaysToEmptyFromRestock data are used to generate “Days To Service From Restock” (or “DaysToServiceFromRestock”). This is an estimate for the number of days when the machine will reach its Empty Coils Threshold 520.1 if the machine is restocked immediately. In one embodiment, this computation is identical to step 830 except that DaysToEmptyFromRestock is used in place of DaysToEmpty.

The following table describes data structures available in memory 140M and/or 150M for each machine 110 at the conclusion of step 860:

TABLE 2 Machine Empty Days To Service Days To Service ID Coils From Restock

Step 410.1—Sub-step 870: The service priority (“Points”) is calculated for each machine as an increasing function of EmptyCoils and a decreasing function of DaysToService. In one embodiment, Points=EmptyCoils/(DaysToService+1)  (5)

The inventor has found experimentally that the following formula gives superior results for differentiating the machines by their need of service: Points=EmptyCoils^(0.5)/(DaysToService^(1.75)+1)  (6)

In some embodiments, the Points are calculated as a function of DaysToService only, for example: Points=1/(DaysToService+1)  (7) The calculation (7) gives a higher priority to machines 110 with smaller DaysToService. EmptyCoils is not used, and step 840 is omitted. In formula (6), EmptyCoils is used to differentiate between machines with the same or similar DaysToService parameter. The DaysToService power of 1.5 is larger than the EmptyCoils power of 0.5 to give DaysToService a larger weight. The DaysToService power can be 2, and other powers and weighing techniques can also be used.

End of Step 410.1

In some embodiments, the Points computation takes into account other thresholds 520.2, 520.3, 520.4. For example, DaysToService can be calculated using Empty Products (the number of empty products in the machine) instead of Empty Coils. This is done by calculating DailyAverage in formula (1) as the average number of items of a product sold by the machine, and calculating the Inventory as a combined inventory for the product. The AlerLevel can be zero for example. In other embodiments, Points can be defined as some other increasing function of the number of empty products in the machine, or Points can be increased by some amount if the empty products number has reached the threshold 520.2. Likewise, Points can be increased if the time since the last service has reached the Required Service Interval 520.3. If this is a strict Required Service Interval, the Points can be set to some predetermined high value to increase the chances that the machine's subroute will be selected at step 410.3 (described below) and the machine itself will be selected at step 420 (FIG. 4). The amount of cash in the machine, or the fact that the machine has reached its Cash Threshold 520.4, can also be used to increase the Points value. The thresholds 520 can also be taken into account at other steps, such as step 420.3 (FIG. 11) described below. Other threshold handling is also possible.

In some embodiments, the following method is used. Suppose at first that DaysToService is calculated as described above for step 830.3, based on the Empty Coils Threshold 520.1. Denote this DaysToService value as DaysToService_1. Another DaysToService value DaysToService_2 is calculated in a similar way based on the number of empty products in the machine rather than empty coils, based on the Empty Products Threshold 520.2. Then DaysToService can be calculated as: DaysToService=min(DaysToService_(—)1,DaysToService_(—)2)  (8)

Other computations are also possible, giving different weights to DaysToService_1 and DaysToService_2. Also, DaysToService can be calculated as: DaysToService=min(DaysToService_(—)1,Days remaining till the machine reaches a flexible or strict Required Service Interval 520.3)  (9)

In another embodiment, DaysToService is calculated as the minimum of DaysToService_2 and the days remaining till the machine reaches a flexible or strict Required Service Interval, or as the minimum of DaysToService_1, DaysToService_2 and the days remaining till the machine reaches a flexible or strict Required Service Interval. Other computations of DaysToService can also be used, giving different weights to DaysToService_1, DaysToService_2, the number of days till the machine reaches a flexible Required Service Interval, and the number of days till the machine reaches a strict Required Service Interval. The DaysToService can also be a decreasing function of the cash amount in the machine, and/or DaysToService can be reduced if the machine has reached its Cash Threshold 520.4.

STEP 410.2 (FIG. 7): The Points are totaled for the vending machines in each subroute 320, to obtain SubRoutePoints for each subroute.

STEP 410.3: Subroutes 320 are sorted in the decreasing order of SubRoutePoints to generate a subroute list 1010 (FIG. 10). The top subroute is selected for service from all the primary and secondary subroutes.

FIG. 10 shows a data base used in some embodiments at steps 430 and 440 (FIG. 4). These data are stored in memory 140M and/or 150M, and include, for each subroute 320, the SubRoutePoints field 1020 (see FIG. 7, step 410.2), the SecondTo list 510, and Class 512 (see Table 1 above and FIG. 5). In addition, an optional “Maximum Days” (or “Max Days”, or “MaxDays”) field 1040 is provided. This is a user defined parameter which specifies the maximum period, in days, by which any machine 110 in the subroute can be pre-serviced in advance of DaysToService. Thus, in some embodiments, if the schedule is generated for today, then a machine can be serviced between the day (today+DaysToService-MaxDays) and (today+DaysToService) inclusive. Hence, if MaxDays<DaysToService, the machine will receive a lower service priority at step 420. For example, if the DaysToService is 4 but MaxDays=3, the machine will receive a lower service priority (no service at all in some embodiments).

Step 420 (FIGS. 4, 11) Select Vending Machines 110 in a Subroute.

Let “Service Day” be the day for which the service schedule is generated. This may be today, tomorrow, the next business day, or some other day. For example, the schedule can be generated in the morning of the Service Day, or in the evening of the day immediately before the Service Day. In some embodiments, step 420 is performed as follows (FIG. 11).

Step 420.1: Pick the machine 110 having the maximum Points among the machines which have not been selected and which have their DaysToService≦MaxDays. Add the machine to the Service List (the list of machines scheduled for service on the Service Day; the list is initialized to empty before the first iteration of step 420 in the loop of FIG. 4).

Repeat Step 420.1 until either one of the following conditions is true:

Condition 420.1-C1: The schedule is full. For example, if each machine is allocated a fixed amount of service time, and no other driving or servicing time is taken into account for the schedule generation, then the condition 420.1-C1 means that the Service List reaches the maximum number of machines to be serviced in one day. If this condition is true, terminate the step 420 and go to step 450 (FIG. 4).

Condition 420.1-C2: All the machines in the subroute are in the Service List. In this case, go to step 430 (FIG. 4).

Condition 420.1-C3: The subroute has unselected machines, but all of these machines have their DaysToService>MaxDays. In this case, proceed to Step 420.2.

Step 420.2: For each location 330 for which a machine was selected in the subroute at step 420.1, check if any other machines should be selected since the driver has to go to this location anyway. Various rules may be used to determine whether other machines should be selected. For each machine not selected at step 420.1, the rules may take into account the machine's DaysToService, and/or a hardness factor h which indicates how hard it is to reach or service the location or the machine. A location may be hard to reach due to heavy traffic, or because the location is far from the nearest parking spot (e.g. on the 30th floor of a building), or due to high crime rate, or for any other reason. The machine may be harder to service than other machines because different machines are constructed using different technology, possibly related to the type of products sold by the machine, or for other reasons. The hardness factor h can thus be viewed as indicating the importance of minimizing the number of service visits to the machine. In some embodiments, the hardness factor h is defined by the user. The hardness factor h can be defined for the entire location or for individual machines. The hardness factor can be re-defined at any time (e.g. on a daily basis depending on the projected traffic for the delivery day).

In some embodiments, for each non-selected machine at the location, step 420.2 involves checking for the following condition:

Condition 420.2-C1: The machine's DaysToService is below, or less than or equal to, some threshold Th which depends on DaysToServiceFromRestock and the hardness factor h applicable to the machine (possibly defined for the whole location or the machine). In some embodiments, the hardness factor h is a positive value not exceeding one. For example, the condition 420.2-C1 can be: DaysToService<Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock)*h  (10) where Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) is the lowest DaysToServiceFromRestock value for all the machines at the location, or for those machines at the location which were selected at step 420.1, or for those machines at the location which have been selected at any one of steps 420.1 or 420.2 (if any machines have already been selected at step 420.2), or for the machines with the minimal DaysToService among all the machines at the location which were selected at step 420.1.

If condition (10) is true, add the machine to the Service List.

Note. In some embodiments, the machines satisfying the condition 420.2-C1 are added to the Service List in the order of the decreasing Points values. In other embodiments, the machines are added as they are examined, or in some other order. In other embodiments, before adding any machine to the Service List, the non-selected machines satisfying the condition 420.2-C1 from all the selected locations 330 are placed in a separate list. Then the machines on the separate list are added to the Service List in the order of the decreasing Points values. Other embodiments are also possible for machine selection.

When adding any machine to the Service List, check for the following conditions:

Condition 420.2-C1: The schedule is full (same as 420.1-C1 above). In this case, go to step 450 (FIG. 4).

Condition 420.2-C2: All the machines have been selected at all of the locations selected at step 420.1. In this case, go to step 430 (FIG. 4).

Step 420.3: This step is reached if there are still unselected machines at the locations 330 selected at step 420.1 but the schedule is not yet full. In this case, for the locations 330 selected at step 420.1, traverse the unselected machines, and for each unselected machine, add it to the Service List if (a) the machine will reach its Required Service Interval Threshold 520.3 on the Service Day (the day for which the schedule is being generated), and/or (ii) the machine has reached its Cash Threshold 520.4 (FIG. 5) or is projected to reach its Cash Threshold on the Service Period (this can be estimated using a daily average cash intake of the machine). In some embodiments, the machine is selected only if both thresholds 520.3, 520.4 are reached or will be reached on the Service Period. In other embodiments, the machine is selected if it has reached or will reach any one or both of the two thresholds.

The Note to Step 420.2 applies also to step 420.3.

When adding any machine to the Service List, check for the following conditions:

Condition 420.3-C1: The schedule is full (same as 420.1-C1 above). In this case, go to step 450 (FIG. 4).

Condition 420.3-C2: There are no more machines to select at step 420.3. In this case, go to step 430 (FIG. 4).

End of Step 420

Step 440 (FIG. 4): Select Next Subroute

In some embodiments, this step is performed as follows. Let us denote the current subroute (the subroute for which the step 420 has just been executed) as S1. Then the subroutes that have not yet been selected are scanned to see if S1 is on their “Second To” list. Among all such subroutes, a subroute is selected with the maximum SubRoutePoints. If there are no subroutes that have not already been selected which have S1 on their Second To list, go to step 450.

End of Step 440

FIG. 12 illustrates exemplary data that can be provided to the user at step 450 on a computer monitor, a printer, or some other device 140D. The “Rankings” section lists the subroutes 320 in the order of decreasing service scheduling priorities (decreasing SubRoutePoints in this example as the Class indicator is not used). The Rank column is the subroute's order in this list. The Subroute column specifies the subroute ID and the subroute name. The “Total Points” column is the SubRoutePoints for each subroute. The “Average Points” column is SubRoutePoints divided by the number of the vending machines in the subroute. Some embodiments provide the median of the machines Points values in the subroute. “Max Days” is the subroute's MaxDays parameter. The “Second To” list is provided in the last column for each subroute. Some embodiments also indicate the subroute class.

Then the machines for each subroute are listed. Only an incomplete listing for only one subroute (“Orange County”) is shown in FIG. 12. The first column contains check boxes that are checked for the machines on the Service List. The user can select other machines, or deselect machines, by checking and un-checking the boxes using input device 140 i. The ID column is the machine IDs 508 (FIG. 5). The Location column is locations 330. The Prev column indicates the previous day that the machine is scheduled for service. This column is used if the schedule is generated in advance for multiple days. Suppose the user wants to generate the service schedules in advance for consecutive days d1, d2, d3. When the schedule is being generated for d2, it is assumed that the machines selected in the d1 schedule were restocked on day d1. If a machine is scheduled for service on day d1, then the d2 schedule display will show the day d1 in the Prev column for the machine. If the machine is later scheduled for service on day d3, and the d2 scheduling is redone, then the d2 schedule display will show d3 in the Next column. The “Empty Products” column is the EmptyCoils values. The Days column is the DaysToService values. The Last column is the last day the machine was restocked. The “From Today” column shows when the machine would need service if it were restocked today. Some of the columns are not displayed in some embodiments, and other information can be displayed as needed.

Additional features of some embodiments will now be described.

Sales Data Clean Up for Calculating the Inventory and Daily Average

In some embodiments, the sales data can be “cleaned up” by server 150 and/or client 140 when the inventory and daily average data are generated for FIG. 6. Shown in FIG. 13 are exemplary data structures in data base 120 and/or memory 140M and/or memory 150M used in some embodiments. For each vending machine coil, parameter “Par Level” (same as Stock Level in FIG. 6) indicates the inventory obtained when the vending machine is restocked. In the example of FIG. 13, the Par Level is 20 items. The vending machine periodically transmits the number of items sold from each coil. In some embodiments, the transmissions are every hour or some other period, but in the example of FIG. 13 the numbers are aggregated for each day (they could be aggregated for each Service Period other than a day). In FIG. 13, two items were sold on Mar. 1, 2000, four items on March 2, and two items on each of March 5 and March 6. There are no data available for March 3 and March 4, perhaps because the vending machine was broken and there were no sales, or perhaps because the data transmission was unsuccessful even though sales occurred. It is not clear if the data for March 5 is the accumulated sales for March 3 through March 5, or some invalid data. In some embodiments, the data for March 5 is ignored in computing the inventory and the daily average. The daily average is taken over March 1, 2, and 6 and is (2+4+2)/3=2.67. The inventory is calculated as 20−2−4−2=12. In other embodiments, the March 5 data are not ignored, and assumed to be the sales data for that day. The daily average is calculated as (2+4+2+2)/4=2.25. The inventory is calculated as 20−2−4−2−2=10. In other embodiments, the March 5 data are assumed to be cumulative for March 3 through March 5. The daily average is calculated as (2+4+2+2)/6=1.67, and the inventory is 10.

In FIG. 14, there are no sales data for the last two days, i.e. March 5 and March 6. Some embodiments assume that the sales proceeded as normal but the sales data transmission failed. The sales on each of March 5 and March 6 are assumed to equal the daily average figure as computed from the data for March 1 through March 4. The daily average is thus (2+4+2+2)/4=2.5. The inventory is 20−2−4−2−2−2.5−2.5=5 (2.5 items are allocated for each of March 5 and March 6).

This technique can also be used for FIG. 13. Thus, in some embodiments, after the daily average is calculated by one of the techniques described above for FIG. 13, the same daily average is assumed for the sales on March 3 and March 4, and possibly for March 5. The daily average value is subtracted for each of these days to calculate the inventory.

In FIG. 15, the Par Level is 20, and the Alert Level is 2. Eighteen items are sold In March 1 through 3 (6+10+2=18), so the machine did not sold anything from this coil after March 3. However, the machine's data transmissions indicate positive sales for March 4, 5, and 6. These sales data are ignored in some embodiments. The inventory is assumed to be 20−6−10−2=2, and the daily average is calculated only over March 1 through March 3, and is (6+10+2)/3=6. Once the calculated inventory reaches the alert level or below, the later data are ignored in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the same techniques are used to calculate DailyAverage for a given product rather than a coil.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. For example, in some embodiments, the subroute selection operations at steps 410.3 (FIG. 7) and/or step 440 (FIG. 4) select the subroute with the maximum number of points per machine (i.e. SubRoutePoints divided by the number of machines 110 in the subroute) instead of SubRoutePoints. Further, in either case, the SubRoutePoints value can be modified in some way at step 410.2 (FIG. 7) to give a higher or lower priority to an individual subroute (for example, a constant number specified by the user can be added to or subtracted from SubRoutePoints). In some embodiments, the Points are defined so that the vending machines with lower Points have a higher priority. In some embodiments, the schedule is generated not for a Service Day but for a Service Period other than a day, such as a Service Hour, with a new schedule generated for each hour, or a four-hour period, or some other Service Period. Also, regardless of the length of the Service Period, one or more of the parameters Days To Empty, Days to Service, etc. can be replaced with Hours to Empty, Hours to Service, etc. Other time units can also be used.

The Days to Service parameter is an estimate for a time left until the time when the machine will need service (until the machine's “need-service” time). Days to Service can be defined as starting from any point, for example, from today until the need-service time, from tomorrow until the need-service time, or from any other time point. Also, the Days to Service estimate can be viewed as an estimate defining the need-service time itself. Alternatively, the estimated need-service time defines Days to Service. Other estimates can also be used that define the Days to Service time or the need-service time.

The invention is not limited to any mathematical computations or expressions for estimating Days to Service, Days to Empty, or other parameters.

The relationships “less than” and “less than or equal to” are interchangeable.

For example, at step 420.1 in FIG. 11, the relationship DaysToService≦MaxDays is equivalent to DaysToService<MaxDays+1, so the “less than” relationship can be used to compute the “less than or equal to” relationship. The invention is not limited to any particular way to compute the “less than” or “less than or equal to” relationships, or “greater than” or “greater than or equal to” relationships, or other logical or arithmetic values. Also, MaxDays can be defined as incremented by 1. The invention can be practiced with the configuration of FIG. 1 but can also be practiced in other configurations. For example, the invention can be practiced without client/server interactions, without World Wide Web, or with networks other than the Internet. The invention is not limited to the particular steps of step sequences shown in the drawings. For example, in FIG. 8, steps 830 and 850 can be interchanged or performed in parallel. Also, step 810 can be performed for multiple vending machines before step 820 is performed for any of the machines. The invention includes manufactured articles such as computer readable storage media comprising computer instructions for causing processors 140P and/or 150P or other processors to implement the methods of the invention. The invention includes manufactured data signals, such as electromagnetic signals embodied in carrier waves, comprising computer instructions and/or data for implementing the methods of the invention. The invention includes data structures such as shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 10, 13-15, and other data structures, residing in a computer readable medium and/or embodied in a manufactured signal. Some or all of the functions can be hardwired rather than software programmable. Other embodiments and variations are within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A system-implemented method for selecting one or more vending machines for being serviced in a predefined service period SP1, the system comprising circuitry, wherein the vending machines are located at a plurality of locations, and at least one location has more than one vending machines, the method comprising: (1) selecting, by the system controlled by the circuitry, vending machines according to one or more first selection rules for selecting the vending machines, wherein an application of the one or more first selection rules to a vending machine results in the machine being selected or unselected for being serviced in the service period SP1; (2) for at least one location L1 comprising at least a vending machine VM1 and a vending machine VM2, wherein the vending machine VM1 has been selected according to the one or more first selection rules, and wherein the vending machine VM2 has been unselected according to the one or more first selection rules, determining, by the system controlled by the circuitry, if one or more second selection rules apply to the vending machine VM2, each second selection rule being a rule for selecting a vending machine, wherein an application of the one or more second selection rules to a vending machine results in the vending machine being selected or unselected for being serviced in the service period SP1, at least one second selection rule taking into account hardness data associated with the vending machine or the vending machine's location, the hardness data being indicative of at least one hardness factor h which indicates one or more of: hardness of reaching the vending machine's location; hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location; hardness of servicing the vending machine at the vending machine's location; wherein the at least one second selection rule applies to the vending machine if the hardness data indicates that: at least one hardness factor h of the factors (i) and (ii) is greater than a respective threshold value or is greater than or equal to the respective threshold value, or an increasing function depending on each hardness factor h is greater than a respective threshold value or is greater than or equal to the respective threshold value; wherein: (3) selecting, by the system controlled by the circuitry, the vending machine VM2 for being serviced in the service period SP1 if the one or more second selection rules apply to the vending machine VM2.
 2. The method of claim 1 comprising generating, by the system controlled by the circuitry, an estimated time-to-service for the vending machine VM2, wherein each vending machine's time-to-service is a time until the vending machine will need service; wherein determining if the one or more second selection rules apply comprises generating an estimated time ET1 which is a minimum of an estimated time-to-service-from-service for one or more of the vending machines at the location L1, wherein each vending machine's time-to-service-from-service is a smallest time until the vending machine will again need service if serviced in the period SP1; wherein for at least one hardness factor h for the vending machine VM2, the respective threshold value depends on the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service and the estimated time ET1.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is an increasing function of the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service and is a decreasing function of the estimated time ET1.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is equal to the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service divided by the estimated time ET1.
 5. The method of claim 2 wherein the estimated time ET1 is the minimum of the estimated time-to-service-from-service for all of the one or more vending machines at the location L1.
 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the estimated time ET1 is the minimum of the estimated time-to-service-from-service for the one or more vending machines at the location L1 which have been selected according to the one or more first selection rules.
 7. The method of claim 2 wherein the estimated time ET1 is the minimum of the estimated time-to-service-from-service for the one or more vending machines at the location L1 which have been selected according to the one or more first selection rules or to the one or more second selection rules.
 8. The method of claim 2 wherein for at least one hardness factor h, the respective threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is equal to the ratio DaysToService/Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) wherein: DaysToService is the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service measured in days, DaysToServiceFromRestock is the time-to-service-from-service measured in days, and Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) is the estimated time ET1.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein for the machine VM2, the associated hardness data is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the vending machine's location and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more second selection rules comprise a rule that an amount of cash in the vending machine be at least a predefined threshold.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more second selection rules comprise a rule that a predefined required-service-interval for the machine expire in or before the period SP1, the required-service-interval being predefined as a maximum time that the vending machine VM2 should be allowed to operate without service.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the hardness data associated with the machine VM2 is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location, and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the hardness data associated with the machine VM2 is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates both the hardness of reaching the vending machine's location and the hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more second selection rules are used only for selecting vending machines not selected in operation (1) but present at one or more locations each of which comprises at least one vending machine selected in operation (1).
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the one or more locations each of which comprises at least one vending machine selected in operation (1) comprise a plurality of the locations, and the hardness data associated with at least two of the machines at respective two of the locations are indicative of the respective hardness factors h which indicate the hardness of reaching the respective locations factor (i) and are different for the respective two locations.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the vending machine VM2 is one of a plurality of first vending machines, each first vending machine being a vending machine at the location L1 and being unselected in operation (1), and the operation (2) is performed for each first vending machine with associated hardness data indicative of the respective hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the respective vending machine at the location L1, the hardness factor h being (i) and defined separately for each first vending machine, with the hardness factors h being different for at least two of the first vending machines.
 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the operation (2) is performed for each location comprising at least one machine selected in operation (1) for at least as long as the service schedule for the period SP1 is not full, with the one or more second selection rules being applied to select or not to select a machine present at the location but not selected in operation (1).
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein at most one hardness factor h is defined for each vending machine and each vending machine's location.
 19. A computer system comprising one or more computer processors and computer-readable memory, the computer system being configured to perform a method comprising: (1) selecting vending machines according to one or more first selection rules for selecting the vending machines, wherein an application of the one or more first selection rules to a vending machine results in the machine being selected or unselected; (2) for at least one location L1 comprising at least a vending machine VM1 and a vending machine VM2, wherein the vending machine VM1 has been selected according to the one or more first selection rules, and wherein the vending machine VM2 has been unselected according to the one or more first selection rules, determining if one or more second selection rules apply to the vending machine VM2, each second selection rule being a rule for selecting a vending machine, wherein an application of the one or more second selection rules to a vending machine results in the vending machine being selected or unselected, at least one second selection rule taking into account hardness data associated with the vending machine or the vending machine's location, the hardness data being indicative of at least one hardness factor h which indicates one or more of: hardness of reaching the vending machine's location; hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location; hardness of servicing the vending machine at the vending machine's location; wherein the at least one second selection rule applies to the vending machine if the hardness data indicates that: at least one hardness factor h is greater than a respective threshold value or is greater than or equal to the respective threshold value, or an increasing function depending on each hardness factor h is greater than a respective threshold value or is greater than or equal to the respective threshold value; (3) selecting the vending machine VM2 if the one or more second selection rules apply to the vending machine VM2.
 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the method comprises generating an estimated time-to-service for the vending machine VM2, wherein each vending machine's time-to-service is a time until the vending machine will need service; wherein determining if the one or more second selection rules apply comprises generating an estimated time ET1 which is a minimum of an estimated time-to-service-from-service for one or more of the vending machines at the location L1, wherein each vending machine's time-to-service-from-service is a smallest time until the vending machine will again need service if serviced in the period SP1; wherein for at least one hardness factor h for the vending machine VM2, the respective threshold value depends on is to be selected if the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service and the estimated time ET1.
 21. The system of claim 20 wherein the threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is an increasing function of the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service and is a decreasing function of the estimated time ET1.
 22. The system of claim 20 wherein the threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is equal to the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service divided by the estimated time ET1.
 23. The system of claim 20 wherein the estimated time ET1 is the minimum of the estimated time-to-service-from-service for all of the one or more vending machines at the location L1.
 24. The computer system of claim 20 wherein for at least one hardness factor h, the respective threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is equal to the ratio DaysToService/Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) wherein: DaysToService is the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service measured in days, DaysToServiceFromRestock is the time-to-service-from-service measured in days, and Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) is the estimated time ET1.
 25. The system of claim 19 wherein the hardness data for the machine VM2 is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location, and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 26. The system of claim 19 wherein the hardness data associated with the machine VM2 is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates both the hardness of reaching the vending machine's location and the hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location, and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 27. The system of claim 19 wherein the one or more second selection rules are used only for selecting vending machines not selected in operation (1) but present at one or more locations each of which comprises at least one vending machine selected in operation (1).
 28. The system of claim 27 wherein the one or more locations each of which comprises at least one vending machine selected in operation (1) comprise a plurality of the locations, and the hardness data associated with at least two of the machines at respective two of the locations are indicative of the respective hardness factors h which indicate the hardness of reaching the respective locations factor (i) and are different for the respective two locations.
 29. The system of claim 19 wherein the vending machine VM2 is one of a plurality of first vending machines, each first vending machine being a vending machine at the location L1 and being unselected in operation (1), and the operation (2) is performed for each first vending machine with associated hardness data indicative of the respective hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the respective vending machine at the location L1, the hardness factor h being defined separately for each first vending machine, with the hardness factors h being different for at least two of the first vending machines.
 30. The system of claim 19 wherein the operation (2) is performed for each location comprising at least one machine selected in operation (1) for at least as long as the service schedule is not full, with the one or more second selection rules being applied to select or not to select a machine present at the location but not selected in operation (1).
 31. The computer system of claim 19 wherein at most one hardness factor h is defined for each vending machine and each vending machine's location.
 32. A manufacture comprising a computer readable data medium comprising one or more computer instructions operable to cause a computer system to perform a method comprising: (1) selecting vending machines according to one or more first selection rules for selecting the vending machines, wherein an application of the one or more first selection rules to a vending machine results in the machine being selected or unselected; (2) for at least one location L1 comprising at least a vending machine VM1 and a vending machine VM2, wherein the vending machine VM1 has been selected according to the one or more first selection rules, and wherein the vending machine VM2 has been unselected according to the one or more first selection rules, determining if one or more second selection rules apply to the vending machine VM2, each second selection rule being a rule for selecting a vending machine, wherein an application of the one or more second selection rules to a vending machine results in the vending machine being selected or unselected, at least one second selection rule taking into account hardness data associated with the vending machine or the vending machine's location, the hardness data being indicative of at least one hardness factor h which indicates one or more of: hardness of reaching the vending machine's location; hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location; hardness of servicing the vending machine; wherein the at least one second selection rule applies to the vending machine if the hardness data indicates that: at least one hardness factor h is greater than a respective threshold value or is greater than or equal to the respective threshold value, or an increasing function depending on each hardness factor h is greater than a respective threshold value or is greater than or equal to the respective threshold value; (3) selecting the vending machine VM2 if the one or more second selection rules apply to the vending machine VM2.
 33. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein the method comprises generating an estimated time-to-service for the vending machine VM2, wherein each vending machine's time-to-service is a time until the vending machine will need service; wherein determining if the one or more second selection rules apply comprises generating an estimated time ET1 which is a minimum of an estimated time-to-service-from-service for one or more of the vending machines at the location L1, wherein each vending machine's time-to-service-from-service is a smallest time until the vending machine will again need service if serviced in the period SP1; wherein for at least one hardness factor h for the vending machine VM2, the respective threshold value depends on the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service and on the estimated time ET1.
 34. The manufacture of claim 33 wherein the threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is an increasing function of the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service and is a decreasing function of the estimated time ET1.
 35. The manufacture of claim 33 wherein the threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is equal to the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service divided by the estimated time ET1.
 36. The manufacture of claim 33 wherein the estimated time ET1 is the minimum of the estimated time-to-service-from-service for all of the one or more vending machines at the location L1.
 37. The manufacture of claim 33 wherein for at least one hardness factor h, the respective threshold value depending on the vending machine VM2's time-to-service and the estimated time ET1 is equal to the ratio DaysToService/Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) wherein: DaysToService is the vending machine VM2's estimated time-to-service measured in days, DaysToServiceFromRestock is the time-to-service-from-service measured in days, and Min(DaysToServiceFromRestock) is the estimated time ET1.
 38. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein the hardness data associated with the machine VM2 is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location, and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 39. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein the hardness data associated with the machine VM2 is indicative of the hardness factor h which indicates both the hardness of reaching the vending machine's location and the hardness of reaching the vending machine at the vending machine's location each of the factors (i) and (ii), and at least one of the second rules applies to the machine VM2 if the hardness factor h exceeds the respective threshold.
 40. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein the one or more second selection rules are used only for selecting vending machines not selected in operation (1) but present at one or more locations each of which comprises at least one vending machine selected in operation (1).
 41. The manufacture of claim 40 wherein the one or more locations each of which comprises at least one vending machine selected in operation (1) comprise a plurality of the locations, and the hardness data associated with at least two of the machines at respective two of the locations are indicative of the respective hardness factors h which indicate the hardness of reaching the respective locations and are different for the respective two locations.
 42. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein the vending machine VM2 is one of a plurality of first vending machines, each first vending machine being a vending machine at the location L1 and being unselected in operation (1), and the operation (2) is performed for each first vending machine with associated hardness data indicative of the respective hardness factor h which indicates the hardness of reaching the respective vending machine at the location L1, the hardness factor h being defined separately for each first vending machine, with the hardness factors h being different for at least two of the first vending machines.
 43. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein the operation (2) is performed for each location comprising at least one machine selected in operation (1) for at least as long as the service schedule is not full, with the one or more second selection rules being applied to select or not to select a machine present at the location but not selected in operation (1).
 44. The manufacture of claim 32 wherein at most one hardness factor h is defined for each vending machine and each vending machine's location. 